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applied biology: genetics of viruses and prokaryotes


are
acellular , their genomes are small and reproduce quickly, are normally haploid . They consist of nucleic acid and protein, have no metabolic reactions and transport of substances. They reproduce by infecting cells (

obligate intracellular parasites) using the mechanism of synthesis and then destroying the cell. Outside the cell is called

virion and is composed of DNA or RNA wrapped in a capsid. The prokaryotic cell can inhibit the production of a protein on responses to environmental stimuli and efficiency by reducing the transcription mRNA, hydrolyzing the mRNA before translation, the translation and hang him in the ribosomes, the protein produced by hydrolyzing, by inhibiting the function of the protein. compounds that stimulate synthesis are known inducers
. The proteins can be produced if inducible constituents at specific times or if produced in the same amount. To ensure that certain genes that produce different proteins (

structural genes) that are needed for the same metabolic reaction in the DNA are affiancanti ( hand-coding) in order to produce a single mRNA, and then share a single promoter

. Immediately after the promoter This is a short segment of DNA, called operator, which binds with a molecule that
repressor. When the repressor is the synthesis operator lagato crashes.
repressor proteins are translated from regulatory genes (the gene ) located near the operator. The gene, promoter and operator (regular part) is called operon.
systems control the inducible catabolic pathways so that the substrate is available. When a protein can be stopped at a biochemical signal is called repressible , the protein can not disable your repressible operon unless it is linked a
corepressore (which may be the final metabolic product). Repressible control systems so that the anabolic pathways are active until the final product is not available. The catabolite repression promotes the production of molecules that can enhance the efficiency of mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase.
inducible and repressible systems act with

negative control on transcription, because the repressor prevents transcription. The catabolite repression is instead a positive control .

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applied biology: energy production

The
glucose is the main organic molecule in the production of energy in the form of ATP
.
The metabolic pathways for the production of energy acting on glycols, cellular respiration or fermentation

, depending on the presence of O2.

glycolysis and cellular respiration Glycolysis starts the metabolism of pyruvate C6H12O6 producing
. cellular respiration is a highly exergonic reaction (1 molecule of pyruvate → 32 ATP molecules) and uses the pyruvate. Use the O2, so it's aerobic (1 molecule of pyruvate → 3 molecules of CO2). E 'divided into three stages: pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle (or acid citric acid) and c
atena
electron transport (or respiratory chain).
Fermentation does not require O2, so it's anaerobic, it converts the pyruvate into lactic acid
or ethanol loads more energy. (1 → 2 pyruvate molecules of ATP molecules). L '
oxidation is a process that transfers electrons between atoms, ions, molecules. The reduction is the purchase of electrons, oxidation is the loss. Oxidation and reduction always occur together, the reagent is the reduction in '
oxidizing agent is oxidized and what is the'
reducing agent. The redox is one of the key reactions of glycolysis and cellular respiration.
How the metabolic pathways are interconnected and controlled?
catabolic interconversion polysaccharides are hydrolyzed to glucose, lipids are split into glycerol and fatty acids, glycerol is converted to DAP, an intermediate of glycolysis, fatty acids in mitochondria acteil CoA neli, always with oxidation to CO2; proteins are hydrolyzed into amino acids.

anabolic interconversion
Many catabolic pathways may operate instead produce glucose (gluconeogenesis ), acetyl CoA can be converted fatty acids etc ... The
metabolic pool is the sum of all the molecules of a cell and tends to be constant and in balance (homeostasis metabolic

). Is disturbed in special cases, such as malnutrition.



Photosynthesis It 's a metabolic process that transforms light energy
into energy in plants. H20 requires acquired by roots and reach the leaves. These openings are called stomata
collecting releasing CO2 and H20 02. is divided into two ways. The light reaction in which light is converted into ATP and electron carriers. The reactions independent of ATP using light and CO2 to produce sugar.