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applied biology: the eukaryotic genome and its expression

The eukaryotic genome is larger than the prokaryotic, owns more regulatory unit, much of the DNA does not encode proteins, eukaryotes have multiple chromosomes , transcription and translation processes are separated. The

eukaryotic genome is repetitive and were indivuidati varying degrees of repetition:
- highly repetitive sequences are not transcribed, we do not know the role
- 10-40 bp minisatellites x 10 ^ 3 times
- microsatellite bp 1-3 x 10 ^ 1 translated into protein, 17% gu
- retrotransposons, make a copy themselves into RNA, 8% gu
- DNA transposons move independently within the genome.
Their movement can produce major consequences if it is placed in the coding gene contribute to the variability. eukaryotic genes contain non-coding sequences may be raggurappati in families.
addition to the promoter in the coding part is comprised of a
terminator, which is a sequence after the stop codon, end of ribosomal translation, that communicates the end of the RNA polymerase transcription. Inside the coding is introns are parts which are not translated, and
exons that are translated. The introns are removed from the pre-mRNA and the exons are joined. This process is called splicing
, it is possible that the same pre-mRNA can be created with different types of mRNA alternative splicing

. In the nucleus

pre-mRNA assume the ends of the molecules that ensure stability, the 5 'cap is added G and 3' poly A tail of a . Between exons and introns are sequences of consensus that the molecules bind snRNP, small ribonucleic acid particles. A complex RNA and protein spliceosome said, cutting the extremities of the introns and joins exons.

There are post-transcriptional regulation and transcription. The project promoter sequences are more variable than prokaryotic genes and may contain information relating to their own rate of transcription. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes need transcription factors to trigger the RNA polymerase transcription, the TATA box , the start of promoter has a transcription complex assembly of various proteins, of which the is the first transcription factor TFIID . much further, even 20,000 bp, we find
amplicons, which bind activator protein

. There are also silencers, DNA sequences that arrest transcription and bind to proteins called repressors . Another technique is the change in chromatin structure (chromatin remodeling

) chromosome, which contains not only DNA but also proteins called histones , which collect in the chromatin nucleosomes . Certain enzymes can change the links of nucleosomes, releasing the DNA so that the transcription complex can carry out the transcription. Another technique is the ' gene amplification, which consists of reproduction of the same gene in the genome several times.

The stability of mRNA can be regulated with a review of the pre-mRNA with the insertion or alteration of nucleotides. A molecule is very unstable in the cytoplasm and undergoes faster than the complex of ribonuclease esosoma. Micro RNA can bind the mRNA invalidating the translation. adjustment lifespan of a protein within the cell through the insertion of functional groups that serve as markers

for an enzyme binds to the protein ' ubiquitin which will then be recognized by a proteasome

that hydrolyze the protein.

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