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applied biology: genetics of viruses and prokaryotes


are
acellular , their genomes are small and reproduce quickly, are normally haploid . They consist of nucleic acid and protein, have no metabolic reactions and transport of substances. They reproduce by infecting cells (

obligate intracellular parasites) using the mechanism of synthesis and then destroying the cell. Outside the cell is called

virion and is composed of DNA or RNA wrapped in a capsid. The prokaryotic cell can inhibit the production of a protein on responses to environmental stimuli and efficiency by reducing the transcription mRNA, hydrolyzing the mRNA before translation, the translation and hang him in the ribosomes, the protein produced by hydrolyzing, by inhibiting the function of the protein. compounds that stimulate synthesis are known inducers
. The proteins can be produced if inducible constituents at specific times or if produced in the same amount. To ensure that certain genes that produce different proteins (

structural genes) that are needed for the same metabolic reaction in the DNA are affiancanti ( hand-coding) in order to produce a single mRNA, and then share a single promoter

. Immediately after the promoter This is a short segment of DNA, called operator, which binds with a molecule that
repressor. When the repressor is the synthesis operator lagato crashes.
repressor proteins are translated from regulatory genes (the gene ) located near the operator. The gene, promoter and operator (regular part) is called operon.
systems control the inducible catabolic pathways so that the substrate is available. When a protein can be stopped at a biochemical signal is called repressible , the protein can not disable your repressible operon unless it is linked a
corepressore (which may be the final metabolic product). Repressible control systems so that the anabolic pathways are active until the final product is not available. The catabolite repression promotes the production of molecules that can enhance the efficiency of mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase.
inducible and repressible systems act with

negative control on transcription, because the repressor prevents transcription. The catabolite repression is instead a positive control .