chemical communication within the body regulates many important functions ranging from cell differentiation to the control of behavior ( hormones, prostaglandins , neurotransmitters). The same compound, or other chemical molecules, can be used for communication chemistry between different individuals of the same species or in some cases between different species (pheromones ).
The endocrine system
• chair homeostasis maintaining physiological parameters within set limits.
- Keeps
salt-water balance - Maintains constant blood concentrations
- Check
• Check the energy metabolism functional alterations of the internal
- Reaction to stress
Noradrenaline and adrenaline preparing the 'body to fight-flight.
- Playing In several
periods of the different concentration of androgens in the male finch produces physiological adaptations and behavior. •
has organizational effects on the development
- Development and growth
Bees carry out activities in their hive-dependent hormone concentration YH (youth hormone) which tends to increase with age.
- Sexual Differentiation
Promote the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
In an organism the endocrine system and nervous system working in transmission, but the former has effects that go slower over time, The second speed is limited in time.
Chemical communication is differentiated in relation to the scope of its effect:
-
Synaptic communication is a highly localized synaptic gaps between neurons with neurotransmitters.
- autocrine autocrine
The statement shall provide the neurotransmitter autoreceptors of the pre-synaptic neuron, that is with himself.
- paracrine
A chemical messenger is allowed to spread to other nearby cells and affects the physiology.
> Neuromodulation
Neuromodulatorie synapses are characterized by a wide slot and issue a NT that influence neighboring cells by reducing or enhancing the effect of other NT.
> effects of histamine
Following tissue injury is the release of histamine that has spread locally to:
• Co-ordinate the immune response
• Cause an inflammatory process
• causing hyperalgesia (increased sensitivity to pain)
> paracrine inhibition of insulin and glucagon
; In addition to its antagonistic effects on blood glucose at a systemic level, the two pancreatic hormones, inhibit local mutual secretion.
- Endocrine and neurosecretiva
This type of communication differs from others because the chemical messenger ( hormone) is released into the bloodstream and reaches all body tissues.
cells that produce hormones are almost always grouped in structures called endocrine glands . In the CNS these cells are neurons and spill their contents into the bloodstream. In this case we speak of neurosecrezione .
Although hormones reach all body cells, they respond to the signal only those that have a receptor for quell'ormone. The receptor may be present in the plasma membrane or cytoplasm depending on the chemical nature of the hormone. There are also
exocrine glands (salivary, sweat, etc.) which do not discharge the contents into the bloodstream and are always provided with a duct .
- pheromonal
are chemical molecules that can influence the behavior of conspecifics. Pheromones are often hormones or their metabolites, ie chemical stages of androgens or estrogens. The pheromones
:
• allow the attraction at a distance. Some insects are sensitive to a single molecule of pheromone dispersed in air at a distance of one kilometer.
• Provide information on reproductive status.
• Branding the territory. •
status indicators.
• Tracking. • Inhibition
reproduction.
• Alarm.
- Alloferomonale
Some chemical signals are addressed to individuals of different species. As in
flowers with their perfume invite the insects to spread their gametes.
But they are more cases in which it is imitating the signal of a species by another to cheat.
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